韦氏观察

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An Italian prosecutor has revealed that the Mafia has been sending information to its jailed bosses through a television football show. The show runs fans’ text messages along the bottom of the screen. Unknown to its producers, mobsters used this facility to send coded messages to their associates serving maximum-security sentences.

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The prosecutor remarked on how ordinary the messages seemed. One read, simply: “Everything’s OK, Paulo.” If they were not to attract suspicion, they could not be anything else. But the apparently banal secret message is desperately difficult to get right, as an intriguing book by Diego Gambetta, an Oxford University sociology professor, makes plain.

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There are many dangers: that the recipient of the message might misunderstand it, or that others, such as the police, might understand it all too well. And whereas a failure of communication in the business world can result in a loss of a contract, for criminals, sending the wrong message could mean years in prison, or worse.

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????“???”?homo economicus?????????????????????????????????——?????

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????“????” Buy capoten online (Honour among thieves)??????????????????????????????????“??”?

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In Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate, Prof Gambetta argues that underworld communications provide lessons extending beyond crime. They are “a remarkable test case that allows us to see human interactions at their rawest, to lift the veil that civilising mores and institutions spread over our lives”.

Criminals, desperate to win some advantage, but unsure whom to trust, embody homo economicus at his most basic, Prof Gambetta says.

How close is criminal communication to that of legitimate business? There are areas where they diverge, not least in how calculating one has to be in choosing associates. There are risks in selecting joint venture partners or suppliers for legitimate business. But you can ask around; companies’ reputations become well-known. buy prescription drugs And if a supplier or joint venture partner reneges on an agreement, the business can always turn to the law.

Criminals cannot do that, of course. It is hard to know whom to trust. How does a villain know a potential partner is not an undercover policeman? Just like employers value MBAs from top business schools, criminals Female Viagra Online look for credentials – and there is no better proof of true criminality than having been in prison. This, Prof Gambetta says, is why prisons are such schools of crime. It is not just that criminals learn new techniques, or even that they meet potential future partners. Prison provides proof of badness.

Knowing that someone else is a criminal does not, however, mean they can be trusted. Prof Gambetta cites research showing that Dutch drug dealers constantly double-cross one another. “Honour among thieves” is largely a myth. Criminals rely on violence to enforce their contracts, or on the threat of it.

Reading Prof Gambetta’s account brings home just how civilised business under the law actually is. Take the protection of brands. Companies use their lawyers to defend Viagra reviews their brands. Lacking the protection of the law, criminals’ enforcement is more direct. Levitra generico Prof Gambetta recounts the case of a group of Los Angeles kids who thought it cool to wear “gangsta” outfits. “They eventually strayed into the ‘wrong’ district, and a group of real gangstas shot them … The shooters were protecting their ‘property rights’ over the use of the outfit in their territory.”

It is when the criminals end up in jail that they provide business with most food for thought. Prisoners cannot choose who their fellow inmates are. As Prof Gambetta says: “Sorting and mixing is not under the prisoners’ control.” He does not quite make the connection, but it reminds me of the average office.

“a remarkable test case that Buy Wellbutrin SR Online Pharmacy No Prescription Needed allows us to see human interactions at their rawest, to lift the veil that civilising mores and institutions spread over our lives”.

Criminals, desperate to win some advantage, but unsure whom to trust, embody homo economicus at his most basic, Prof Gambetta says.

How close is criminal communication to that of legitimate business? There are areas where they diverge, not least in how calculating one has to be in choosing associates. There are risks in selecting joint venture partners or suppliers for legitimate business. But you can ask around; companies’ reputations become well-known. amoxil online And if a supplier or joint venture partner reneges on an agreement, the business can always turn to the law.

Criminals cannot do that, of course. It is hard to know whom to trust. How does a villain know a potential partner is not an undercover policeman? Just like employers value MBAs from top business schools, criminals look for credentials – and there is no better proof of true criminality than having been in prison. This, Prof Gambetta says, is why prisons are such schools of crime. It is not just that criminals learn new techniques, or even that they meet potential future partners. Prison provides proof of badness.

Knowing that someone else is a criminal does not, however, mean they can be trusted. Prof Gambetta cites research showing that Dutch drug dealers constantly double-cross one another. “Honour among thieves” is largely a myth. Criminals rely on violence to enforce their contracts, or on the threat of it.

Reading Prof Gambetta’s account brings home just how civilised business under the law actually is. Take the protection of brands. Companies use their lawyers to defend their brands. Lacking the protection of the law, criminals’ enforcement is more direct. Prof Gambetta recounts the case of a group of Los Angeles kids who thought it cool to wear “gangsta” outfits. “They eventually strayed into the ‘wrong’ district, and a group of real gangstas shot them … The shooters were protecting their ‘property rights’ over the use of the outfit in their territory.”

It is when the criminals end up in jail that they provide business with most food for thought. Prisoners cannot choose who their fellow inmates are. As Prof Gambetta says: “Sorting and mixing is not under the prisoners’ control.” He does not quite make the connection, but it reminds me of the average office.

By FT / Michael Skapinker ??:??